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MD SPECIFIC: Under Maryland law, debtors use state exemptions only. Maryland protects property up to $6,000 via a general exemption, one motor vehicle up to $6,000, and retirement accounts. Maryland does not have a traditional homestead exemption, making exemption planning critical. A licensed MD attorney can review your assets.

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State Guide

Understanding Bankruptcy in Maryland

Filing for bankruptcy is a legal process governed by federal law, but Maryland-specific exemptions and court procedures determine how much of your property you keep. Thousands of Maryland residents file every year — approximately 8,000 annually — and the process, handled correctly, can stop creditor harassment immediately and give you a genuine fresh start.

This guide covers the two most common forms of consumer bankruptcy in Maryland, the key exemptions that protect your property, and the questions residents most often ask before speaking with an attorney.

Chapter 7 vs. Chapter 13 Bankruptcy

The two primary options for Maryland residents are Chapter 7 (liquidation) and Chapter 13 (reorganization). Choosing between them depends on your income, the type of debt you carry, and what property you want to protect.

Most Common

Chapter 7 — Liquidation

  • Eliminates most unsecured debt (credit cards, medical bills, personal loans)
  • Process typically completes in 3–6 months
  • No repayment plan — eligible debts are discharged
  • Must pass the Maryland means test (income below state median)
  • A trustee reviews non-exempt assets, but most filers lose nothing
  • Automatic stay stops wage garnishment, foreclosure, and collection calls immediately upon filing
Protects Home & Car

Chapter 13 — Reorganization

  • Restructures debt into a 3–5 year repayment plan
  • Lets you catch up on mortgage arrears and keep your home
  • Available to filers whose income exceeds the Chapter 7 threshold
  • Discharges remaining unsecured debt after the plan completes
  • Can strip certain junior liens in some circumstances
  • Requires stable income to fund the plan

Maryland Bankruptcy Exemptions

Maryland exemptions determine which assets a bankruptcy trustee cannot touch. Understanding these protections is critical before you file. The key exemptions under Maryland Code, Courts & Judicial Proceedings §§ 11-501 through 11-508 are:

Asset Type Maryland Exemption Amount Notes
Homestead (Primary Residence) No fixed homestead exemption — Maryland uses a 'property' exemption of $25,150 (federal) or the state wildcard of $6,000 Maryland allows filers to choose federal exemptions, which often provide better protection given the state's relatively modest exemption amounts.
Motor Vehicle $6,000 Applies to equity above any secured loan balance
Retirement Accounts Fully exempt (ERISA-qualified plans under federal law) 401(k), 403(b), IRA, and pension accounts are protected under 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(3)(C)
Social Security & Disability Fully exempt (federal law) Protected under 42 U.S.C. § 407; must be kept in a separate bank account
Household Goods & Clothing Varies — personal property exemption applies Most everyday household items have little liquidation value and are rarely seized

Means Test: Maryland's median household income is among the highest in the nation; higher-income filers should review Chapter 13 as an alternative. Under 11 U.S.C. § 707(b), current monthly income is compared to the state median for a household of your size. If your income exceeds the median, a further analysis of allowable expenses determines eligibility. An attorney can run this calculation for free before you decide to file.

What the Automatic Stay Stops Immediately

The moment a bankruptcy petition is filed in any of the District of Maryland, an automatic stay goes into effect under 11 U.S.C. § 362. This federal order immediately halts:

  • Wage garnishment — your employer must stop taking money from your paycheck
  • Bank account levies — creditors cannot withdraw funds from your accounts
  • Foreclosure proceedings — buys time to either catch up or surrender the property on your own timeline
  • Repossession — creditors cannot take your car without court approval
  • Collection calls and letters — all direct contact from creditors must stop
  • Civil lawsuits — pending collection suits are paused
  • Utility shutoffs — utilities must maintain service for at least 20 days post-filing

Violating the automatic stay is a federal contempt matter. Creditors who continue collection activities after filing can be sanctioned by the bankruptcy court. An experienced Maryland bankruptcy attorney can help you enforce this protection if a creditor ignores the stay.

How Maryland Residents File

Bankruptcy cases in Maryland are filed in federal court — specifically in the District of Maryland. Key steps include:

  • Credit counseling: Required within 180 days before filing (11 U.S.C. § 109(h)) — approved agencies are listed at justice.gov/ust
  • Filing the petition: Your attorney prepares schedules of assets, liabilities, income, and expenses
  • 341 meeting of creditors: A brief meeting (usually 5–10 minutes) with a trustee; creditors rarely attend
  • Discharge: For Chapter 7, most debts are discharged 60–90 days after the 341 meeting
  • Debtor education: A second financial management course is required before discharge

Common Questions

Frequently Asked Questions: Bankruptcy in Maryland

  • Will I lose my home if I file bankruptcy in Maryland?
    Not necessarily. The Maryland homestead exemption protects up to No fixed homestead exemption — Maryland uses a 'property' exemption of $25,150 (federal) or the state wildcard of $6,000 in home equity. If your equity is within that amount, your home is safe in Chapter 7. If your equity exceeds the exemption, Chapter 13 lets you keep the home by repaying creditors through a payment plan. An attorney can quickly calculate your equity position and tell you which path applies.
  • Will bankruptcy stop wage garnishment in Maryland?
    Yes — immediately. The automatic stay under 11 U.S.C. § 362 takes effect the moment your case is filed. Your employer is legally required to stop the garnishment upon receiving notice. If garnished wages are taken after filing, they may be recoverable as a violation of the automatic stay. This is one of the most time-sensitive reasons people file.
  • How does bankruptcy affect my credit score in Maryland?
    A Chapter 7 bankruptcy remains on your credit report for 10 years; Chapter 13 stays for 7 years. However, many filers see their credit scores begin to recover within 12–18 months of discharge, especially if they open a secured credit card and make on-time payments. The long-term damage of unpaid debts, judgments, and garnishments is often worse than a bankruptcy filing.
  • What debts can't be discharged in bankruptcy?
    Certain debts survive bankruptcy regardless of the chapter filed: most student loans (unless undue hardship is proven), recent tax debts (less than 3 years old), child support and alimony, criminal restitution, and debts incurred through fraud. Your attorney can identify which of your debts are non-dischargeable before you file.
  • How much does it cost to file bankruptcy in Maryland?
    Court filing fees are $338 for Chapter 7 and $313 for Chapter 13 (as of 2025, per uscourts.gov). Attorney fees vary by complexity, but Chapter 7 representation typically ranges from $1,000–$2,500 in Maryland. Many attorneys offer payment plans, and the cost is almost always far less than the debt being eliminated.
  • Can I keep my car if I file Chapter 7 in Maryland?
    In most cases, yes. The Maryland vehicle exemption protects $6,000 in vehicle equity. If you owe more on the car than it's worth (negative equity), there's nothing for the trustee to take. If you have equity above the exemption and want to keep the car, you may reaffirm the debt (continue paying as agreed) or redeem the vehicle by paying its current value in a lump sum.

Sources & References